《米蕾詩選》譯者序 及 〈 再生〉

  Poetry

Selected Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay 

Tr. by Chinghuey Tiao










(Oil painting & Cover design by Chinghuey Tiao)

https://www.pubu.com.tw/ebook/3

46721




Selected Poems


of


Edna St. Vincent Millay



米蕾詩選


(英漢對照)




作者: 艾德娜 ·聖文森· 米蕾


   譯者: 刁卿蕙







(二O二三年三月 出版)



------------------------------



作者簡介



艾德娜· 聖文森· 米蕾 (1892-1950),美國詩人,短篇小說作者,劇作家,歌詞作者及演員。1912年以一首《再生》(Renascence)一舉成名。在紐約瓦薩大學完成學業;此後發表了好幾部詩集,並以《豎琴編織者》獲普利茲第二屆文學獎。她在二十世紀的最初十年,參與了格林威治村的表演社團,促成她日後的左派思想。

評論家認為:「作為一個以浪漫主義筆調,精巧構思的抒情詩人,米蕾在十四行詩的寫作上所獲得的成就,在她的時代鮮有人能與之匹敵。」(劍橋美國文學史)






(譯者刁卿蕙,藝術家,作家。作品請見:arttiao.blogspot.com)



-----------------------------




譯者序





美國詩壇光譜有兩個極端的女詩人,一頭是自閉的艾蜜莉· 伊莉莎白 ·狄金森(Emily Elizabeth Dickinson 1830-1886),另一邊就是不羈的艾德娜 ·聖文森· 米蕾(Edna St. Vincent Millay 1892-1950)了。隨時光推移,一個從不為人知到光芒萬丈,另一個卻從萬人矚目到逐漸暗淡。

 

狄金森隨手捧了一大把小碎鑽,灑在月光下的草叢裡,每個尋覓的人們,拾到後莫不欣喜地琢磨,或鑲成戒指戴在指上,或垂掛在頸間;她看似冷漠破碎的詩,因之,與讀者起了互動。她的剛冷風格,逐漸與你貼近,從指尖,自心上,泛出了溫度。狄金森的詩,如同她愛用的破折號,推開了字義的聯結,留予人莫大的解讀空間;現代人着迷其詩,很大的原因亦出自對她生命型態的敬重—讚嘆她一生幾近潔癖的潔身自好。

 

自閉的狄金森以自由體寫詩,不羈的米蕾卻多用格律,這亦是個堪玩味的比照。然而,在我個人的天秤上,就才情衡量,我會給米蕾添多些砝碼。她的詩帶著她個人的強烈印記,像是才掉落地表不久的殞石,還燙著手;冷卻了的小石,嵌在給她自己的荊冠上,獨一無二的首飾,一般人不會往自己的頭上戴,也戴不上。



讀她的詩是走進其個人苦心孤詣的劇場,她愛用韻體,結構精緻,你只能跟著打拍子,看她行雲流水的獨舞,聽她的獨白。隨著抑揚頓挫的音律,你如被催眠般走進 每個萬花筒似的場景。她的每首詩,都是歌,都是一幕幕有畫面的故事。有令人瞠目的愛情,有兒歌的純潔,有幽默譏諷,有與俗世角力的不屑與疲憊,有挫敗時的自傷,有回首前塵的懊悔,有倨傲的自我打氣,更不乏史詩般令人屏息的天問,探索神人之爭,叩問生死命題…..。鮮有詩人能在作品中展現如此多的面向,在熟稔駕馭傳統詩的同時信馬由韁;無不可入詩的題裁,韻腳交錯,自成一格,變化多端。



據說她小時候的理想是成為一名鋼琴演奏家,但她的鋼琴老師說服她放棄,因為她的手太小了,米蕾遂棄琴鍵從打字鍵,將其音樂天賦形於文字,敲出一首首奇絕的詩歌。其詩的格局與意象,甚具世界性,無需專家學者解讀,一般讀者均可跨文化閱讀,幾無滯礙。



她的詩用字淺白,卻脫離窠臼,靈活跳動,溢於字表,意在言外。譯她的詩是個大挑戰,除了亦步亦趨解譯對韻,更得深入她的意識,抓住稍縱即逝的微妙意念。米蕾既以韻體詩見長,漢譯就得要求對等的節奏。翻譯講信達雅,她好用疊句,常有冗詞,我亦忠實迻譯。譯者得避免「二次創作」的過度修飾,信與達需重於雅;是以,為了中文押韻,有時不免得捨更好的譯句以牽就。

例如這兩句:



And life goes on forever like the gnawing of a mouse,--

And to-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrow.



生活永遠繼續像老鼠在咬囓,--

-日到次-日到次-日到次-日。



聽到了老鼠喀吱喀吱在咬嗎?但第二句我只能捨「次日」用「明天」,來對應前節的韻腳。

中國字真的很神奇,我幾乎都能找到合拍的語句,有時靈光一閃,妙不可言:



DeathI say, my heart is bowed

Unto thine,--O mother!

This red gown will make a shroud

Good as any other!



死亡,我說,我心

對你,喔 母親!

這紅袍可做屍衣

跟其他一樣好!



「親」與「好」無法押韻,苦思良久,一個「襯」字蹦出,是親與衣的合體!

「跟其他一樣襯!」是更優的譯句,帶著視覺感。



「淫蕩,輕浮,虛假,無信」,這些字出自她自況的詩,也可用來形容歐美的二O年代。在那個紙醉金迷的浮華名利場,想登台成一個角兒,必得有些奇特的因緣際遇。無財無勢,長得不算美的米蕾,在基督教的國度,以其極端的「特立獨行」引來萬箭齊發,同時也成了當代美國叛逆青年的偶像。Le Decadent (頹廢的一代)的角色在彼時的歐美藝術界俯拾即是,何以她能鶴立雞群?



來自緬因州單親家庭的貧困小女孩,在二十歲那年以一首名為Renascence(再生)214行的八音節對句詩(octosyllable couplet)一鳴驚人,贏得獎金250美元。說這首詩改變了她一生的命運並不為過,她受資助進了女子大學,自此啟動同性戀,雙性戀,開放婚姻的不歸路。她的生活成了透明的金魚缸,一場轟烈自戀的展演。



她耽溺大眾的目光,渴望名聲,詩藝是她的手段。承襲英詩傳統,她打磨了自己的風格。以《The Ballad of the Harp Weaver》(豎琴編織者之歌)獲普利茲文學獎。米蕾是第二屆得主,也是全美第一位獲此「殊榮」的女性。在男性主導的文壇獲肯定,雙性戀取向和長袖善舞誠然起了某種程度的助力,但她根基於傳統韻詩的寫作功力不容小覷。一首形容貧困母親為兒無悔的付出,文字樸實無華,近似童謠,相當感人。



她的「公生活」 向來即是保守勢力的眼中釘,加上大力招搖女性主義旗幟和標榜自由派的政治取向,眥議更甚。當喜新厭舊的文風一吹來,她便如秋葉飄零。媒體的聚光燈大開時刺眼,猛然一關,黑暗就會更深重。青春已遠,風情不再,恐慌老去,畏懼死亡,她疑病叢生,依賴嗎啡藥物止痛解憂。晚期經濟窘困,二十六年的婚姻伴侶因病去逝後,她的生命更成螺旋下降;一年後,1950年,她因心肌梗塞從自宅墜梯身亡,得年五十八歲。



O年代,女性主義風起雲湧,米蕾的詩再度獲注意,不少藝壇後進致力扶起她即傾的名聲,欲延續她的傳奇。她的紀念館始終不如狄金森的香火鼎盛,很大的原因,歸咎她選擇的惡之華生命型態,普羅大眾至今仍不太能接受一個長了子宮的波德萊爾(Baudelaire 1821-1867)?



人說她若能潛心創作,不那麼荒唐,其成就必不下於佛洛斯特(Robert Lee Frost 1874-1963)。她的某些詩作雖也帶點田園詩意,核心看似一個鄉下女孩根植於土地;但,米蕾畢竟不是佛洛斯特,她是米蕾,一尾掉進染缸的鬥魚。佛洛斯特的墓志銘鐫刻著「我與世界有一場情人般的爭吵」(I had a lover’s quarrel with the world,那麼轉身看看米蕾是如何週旋在這花花世界與各式情人間吧。



LGBT(女同志,男同志,雙性,變性)團體在2015年推舉米蕾為「偶像」之一,她的聲勢近年似跟著水漲船高; 水載舟,亦可能隨時覆舟。在歷史的知識系譜中,常是一場「暴力」對另一種「暴力」的取代,人類社會就這麼輪迴在各種話語權力的控制下。鼓吹她的性取向,張揚她的極端生活,某種程度是對其文學成就的傷害,這端在造偶像,另端就會追著打。



讀其詩要撇開對她「聲名狼藉」的先入為主印象。她選擇的不是林間那條較少人走過的路,而是活在林間的邊緣,前有萬頭鑽動的人群鼓噪,或叫好,或謾罵,或激將…伸出「又紅又熱,群狼似的舌頭」;後面則有虎視耽耽—那個活在她心裡,刻入基因的上帝,時時要吞噬她。她的驚世駭俗,應可追溯到家庭的破碎不幸,對父母的叛逆延伸到對神的反抗。那股靈與肉的二元拉扯力量相當鉅大,終其一生,未獲和解。



表面看來她勇於展現自我,以褻神和顛覆傳統價值為己任,看似有千萬人吾仍往矣的大無畏,骨子裡的她卻是相當不安,懊悔與退缩。她似靠著寫詩,一路挺下去,倔強地逆道而行,走上一條身心俱受創的苦路。如果人生能重來,她可會有同樣的選擇?她自問,也留待讀者思索。



她愈是叛逆地把自己拽離「正途」,她的心揪結愈重。她所描繪的自然清新可喜,似在藉著對大地的禮讚,自我滌淨。曾經荒淫的生活,身體是會記得的,當肉身--神殿被有意地摧毀,無所依的靈魂就愈想熱烈地擁抱世界;而活得愈是熱烈,失落感就會愈可怕。死亡與恐懼--這個背景音樂,忽大忽小,不斷地迴旋在其詩作中。



本詩選以《再生》開卷,二十歲米蕾一出手即武林的登峰之作。我以每行8個字,每兩行對韻的形式進行。不論讀者的英文程度是在進步中,或自認已臻高竿,皆可藉英漢對照讀出況味。她的詩挖心掏肺,藉文字刮骨療傷。也就是在我逐字翻譯,勉力進入其思維時,共感同情,甚至悲憫,益增。她愈痛苦,詩愈精彩,讀者無論族裔、性別、年齡、性向…均可「從其詩攫取樂趣」(米蕾自言)。



2023年三月)




2023/7/22 

再生(Renascence),有人譜成歌曲了,聽聽看!





甫完成詩人艾德娜·聖文森 ·米蕾(Edna St. Vincent Millay,1892-1950)的一百首譯詩,並編輯成書。在此先分享這首二十歲的米蕾一出手即武林的登峰之作--Renascence ,214行的8音節對句(octosyllable couplet),我以八個字一行押尾韻的對句移譯。(2023/3/27)






Renascence

再生



All I could see from where I stood

Was three long mountains and a wood;


我站立點放眼所及

三座長山一處林地;



I turned and looked another way,

And saw three islands in a bay.


轉身往另個方向看,

有三個小島在海灣。


So with my eyes I traced the line

Of the horizon, thin and fine,


我的眼循著地平線

的輪廓,稀薄又細纖,


Straight around till I was come

Back to where I'd started from;


平直繞一直到轉

我開始的立點;



And all I saw from where I stood

Was three mountains and a wood.


從我立點望眼所及,

三座山和一處林地。


Over these things I could not see;

These were the things that bounded me;


在這之上我看不見

       這些東西把我局限



And I could touch them with my hand,

Almost I thought, from where I stand.


我手能它們碰觸

幾乎我想,從我立處。



And all at once things seemed so small

My breath came short, and scarce at all.


霎時萬物變得渺小

我呼吸急促,且短少。



But, sure, the sky is big, I said;

Miles and miles above my head;



但,當然,天很大,我說;

在我頭上相當遼闊;



So here upon my back I'll lie

And look my fill into the sky.


在這裡我仰臥躺平

看著自己填進天空。



And so I looked, and, after all,

The sky was not so very tall.


我這樣看來,那,畢竟,

天空就不怎麼高聳。



The sky, I said, must somewhere stop,

And-- sure enough!--I see the top!


天空,我說,得哪兒停,

那—肯定!--我見到了頂!



The sky, I thought, is not so grand;

I'most could touch it with my hand!


天空,我想,並不偉大;

我手幾乎能碰到它!




And reaching up my hand to try,

I screamed to feel it touch the sky.


伸高我的手試試看,

我尖叫感覺碰到天。



I screamed, and lo!--Infinity

Came down and settled over me;


我尖叫,瞧--看呀!--無窮

下籠罩使我靜;



Forced back my scream into my chest,

Bent back my arm upon my breast,


強壓尖叫回我胸腔,

彎回手臂到我胸膛,



And, pressing of the Undefined

The definition on my mind,


然後,摁下某種未明

定義進到我的腦中,



Held up before my eyes a glass

Through which my shrinking sight did pass



高舉眼前一塊鏡片

經由它通過我淺見



Until it seemed I must behold

Immensity made manifold;


直到似乎我須得見

各種繁衍廣袤無邊;


Whispered to me a word whose sound

Deafened the air for worlds around,


耳邊輕喃一字聲息

靜默八方世界空氣,



And brought unmuffled to my ears

The gossiping of friendly spheres,


傳至我耳朵未消音

友善星球小道新聞,



The creaking of the tented sky,

The ticking of Eternity.


穹蒼之幕嘰嘰嘎嘎

永恆無限滴滴答答。



I saw and heard, and knew at last

The How and Why of all things, past,


我見我聞,終於知悉

萬物何然何故,往昔



And present, and forevermore.

The universe, cleft to the core,


和現在,和永永遠遠。

宇宙,劈開至核中間,



Lay open to my probing sense

That, sick'ning, I would fain pluck thence


對我打開探索感觸

這,難受,我寧可拔除



But could not,--nay! But needs must suck

At the great wound, and could not pluck


不能,--不!我得吸吮

那大傷口,不得脫困



My lips away till I had drawn

All venom out.--Ah, fearful pawn!



我移開唇直到吸出

全毒素。--喔,恐懼小卒!



For my omniscience paid I toll

In infinite remorse of soul.


我的全知付通行費

靈魂裡的無盡懊悔。



All sin was of my sinning, all

Atoning mine, and mine the gall


我犯的是所有罪,全

贖我罪,和我厚顏



Of all regret. Mine was the weight

Of every brooded wrong, the hate


所有遺憾。我負的重

衍每種錯,這恨憎



That stood behind each envious thrust,

Mine every greed, mine every lust.


站在忌妒驅力後面,

我每種貪,我每種戀。



And all the while for every grief,

Each suffering, I craved relief


然始終對各式哀傷,

各個磨難,渴望解放



With individual desire,--

Craved all in vain! And felt fierce fire


以獨自個體之欲念,--

渴望皆空!感受烈焰



About a thousand people crawl;

Perished with each,--then mourned for all!


一千人週圍行;

個個銷燬,-全體哀鳴!



A man was starving in Capri;

He moved his eyes and looked at me;


卡帕利挨餓的某男;

移動眼睛盯著我看;



I felt his gaze, I heard his moan,

And knew his hunger as my own.



感他凝視,聽他呻吟,

知他飢餓如同己身。



I saw at sea a great fog bank

Between two ships that struck and sank;


我見海上堤狀霧層

兩艘船在之間撞沉;



A thousand screams the heavens smote;

And every scream tore through my throat.


天堂重擊千聲尖吼

每一尖吼撕裂我喉。



No hurt I did not feel, no death

That was not mine; mine each last breath


痛我皆感,沒有死期

不屬我;我最後呼吸



That, crying, met an answering cry

From the compassion that was I.


如是,哭泣,以哭回應

來自我的慈悲同情。




All suffering mine, mine its rod;

Mine, pity like the pity of God.


痛皆有我,我即鞭;

我的,悲憐似神悲憐。



Ah, awful weight! Infinity

Pressed down upon the finite Me!


喔,極大重量!無限

壓在有限的我上面!



My anguished spirit, like a bird,

Beating against my lips I heard;


我精神劇痛,像隻鳥

拍擊我雙唇我聽到;



Yet lay the weight so close about

There was no room for it without.


雖然重量壓那麼緊

那兒還有空間可進。



And so beneath the weight lay I

And suffered death, but could not die.


故重量之下我躺平

受死折磨,求死不能。


Long had I lain thus, craving death,

When quietly the earth beneath


躺下許久,渴望死亡,

當靜悄悄土地下方



Gave way, and inch by inch, so great

At last had grown the crushing weight,


挪位,一寸寸,甚強大

終於重量成长壓垮,



Into the earth I sank till I

Full six feet under ground did lie,


沉進土裡直到自己

六呎之軀躺在地底,



And sank no more,--there is no weight

Can follow here, however great.


不再下沉,--沒有重量

來這,不論多強。



From off my breast I felt it roll,

And as it went my tortured soul


胸外我感它在滾,

它一動我受苦靈魂



Burst forth and fled in such a gust

That all about me swirled the dust.


爆向前如疾風逃脫

周身俱是煙塵漩渦。




Deep in the earth I rested now;

Cool is its hand upon the brow


土地深處我現靜休;

額頭上是它的涼手



And soft its breast beneath the head

Of one who is so gladly dead.


頭下是它柔軟胸膛

我是如此喜悅死亡。



And all at once, and over all

The pitying rain began to fall;


在一瞬間,遍佈各處

開始落下悲憐雨珠;



I lay and heard each pattering hoof

upon my lowly, thatched roof,


我躺著聽啪嗒蹄聲

在我低矮,茅草屋頂,



And seemed to love the sound far more

Than ever I had done before.


似乎愛那聲音更多

遠超過我曾那樣做。



For rain it hath a friendly sound

To one who's six feet underground;


因為雨珠聲音友善

對地下六呎者而言;



And scarce the friendly voice or face;

A grave is such a quiet place.


缺少友善聲音臉龐;

墳墓真是安靜地方。



The rain, I said, is kind to come

And speak to me in my new home.


雨珠,我說,承蒙惠顧

跟我講話在我新屋。



I would I were alive again

To kiss the fingers of the rain,


但願我能再次活過

去親吻雨的手指頭,



To drink into my eyes the shine

Of every slanting silver line,


我眼眸飲進亮閃閃

的每條傾斜銀色線,


To catch the freshened, fragrant breeze

From drenched and dripping apple-trees.


抓住清新,香氣微風

從濕答答蘋果樹叢。



For soon the shower will be done,

And then the broad face of the sun



不久陣雨就會停工,

然後寬臉太陽公公



Will laugh above the rain-soaked earth

Until the world with answering mirth


會在浸雨土地上笑

直到世界回以歡笑



Shakes joyously, and each round drop

Rolls, twinkling, from its grass-blade top.


高興抖動,顆顆珠圓

滾動,閃爍,在草葉尖。



How can I bear it; buried here,

While overhead the sky grows clear


我怎忍;埋這地方,

當上頭的天變清朗



And blue again after the storm?

O, multi-colored, multiform,


暴風雨後又轉蔚藍?

喔,多色階,多種外觀,



Beloved beauty over me

That I shall never, never see


心愛的美在我上面

我將永不,永不再見



Again! Spring-silver, autumn-gold,

That I shall never more behold!


再次!春銀閃,秋金耀,

而我卻再也看不到!



Sleeping your myriad magics through,

Close-sepulchred away from you!


你無數的異想沉寂,

緊閉石棺遠離了你!



O God, I cried, give me new birth,

And put me back upon the earth!


神啊,我喊,給我新生,

把我放回土地上層!



Upset each cloud's gigantic gourd

And let the heavy rain, down-poured



倒掉雲朵的巨葫蘆

就讓大雨,傾盆瀉出



In one big torrent, set me free,

Washing my grave away from me!


豪雨奔流,放我自由,

將墳塚從我這洗走!



I ceased; and through the breathless hush

That answered me, the far-off rush


我停止;屏息肅靜,

回應了我,遠處匆匆



Of herald wings came whispering

Like music down the vibrant string


先鋒羽翼至語竊竊

似音樂自顫弦流瀉



Of my ascending prayer, and crash!

Before the wild wind's whistling lash


我揚高祈禱,但—墜毀!

之前狂風呼嘯猛揮



The startled storm-clouds reared on high

And plunged in terror down the sky,


驚愕暴雲從後高仰

並自天空駭然衝降,



And the big rain in one black wave

Fell from the sky and struck my grave.


豪雨以一道黑波浪

從天而下擊我墳上。



I know not how such things can be;

I only know there came to me


我不知怎有這樣事;

我只知從那時開始



A fragrance such as never clings

To aught save happy living things;


某香氣如未曾依附

其它除了快樂活物;



A sound as of some joyous elf

Singing sweet songs to please himself,



聲音像某愉快小妖

唱著甜歌自我逍遙,



And, through and over everything,

A sense of glad awakening.


然而,經歷了這一切,

一種愉悅感官醒覺。



The grass, a-tiptoe at my ear,

Whispering to me I could hear;


青草,踮腳附我耳畔,

我能聽見低語喃喃;



I felt the rain's cool finger-tip

Brushed tenderly across my lips,


我感受雨的涼指尖

溫柔地拂過我唇瓣,



Laid gently on my sealed sight,

And all at once the heavy night


輕覆我封住的眼目,

霎時那厚重的夜幕



Fell from my eyes and I could see,--

A drenched and dripping apple-tree,



從我眼落下我張目,--

一棵濕答答蘋果樹,



A last long line of silver rain,

A sky grown clear and blue again.


最後一根銀雨長線,

天空又變得清又藍。



And as I looked a quickening gust

Of wind blew up to me and thrust


當我觀看一陣迅疾

的風吹向我並刺擊



into my face a miracle

Of orchard-breath, and with the smell,--


我臉龐一個奇跡

帶果園呼吸,隨此息,--



I know not how such things can be!--

I breathed my soul back into me.


我不知這事何以然!--

我吸我回我裡面。



Ah! Up then from the ground sprang I

And hailed the earth with such a cry


啊!那刻我從地躍起

對地歡呼一聲致意



As is not heard save from a man

Who has been dead, and lives again.


未曾聽聞除了一人

死亡之後,再生復臨。



About the trees my arms I wound;

Like one gone mad I hugged the ground;


著樹木我我臂;

像個瘋子我擁抱地;



I raised my quivering arms on high;

I laughed and laughed into the sky,


我高舉顫抖的雙臂;

我笑了且笑入天際,



Till at my throat a strangling sob

Caught fiercely, and a great heart-throb


直到我喉窒息嗚咽

猛然扣住心悸強烈



Sent instant tears into my eyes;

O God, I cried, no dark disguise


立刻送淚進我眼框;

神啊,我喊,莫再偽裝



Can eer hereafter hide from me

Try radiant identity!


從今爾後請別避隱

試著對我光明現身!



Thou canst not move across the grass

But my quick eyes will see Thee pass,


袮不能越過這草地

但我慧眼察袮靜息,




Nor speak, however silently,

But my hushed voice will answer Thee.


無言,不論如何沉寂,

會以噤聲回應



I know the path that tells Thy way

Through the cool eve of every day;


我知此徑袮習慣

經由每日涼爽夜晚;



God, I can push the grass apart

And lay my finger on Thy heart!


神,我能把草推一旁

把我手指放袮心上!



The world stands out on either side

No wider than the heart is wide;


這世界突顯任一邊

都不比這顆心更寬;



Above the world is stretched the sky,--

No higher than the soul is high.


世界之上天空伸,--

不會高過這個靈魂。



The heart can push the sea and land

Farther away on either hand;


心能推開海洋田園

較哪邊的手都更遠;



The soul can split the sky in two,

And let the face of God shine through.


靈魂能將天劈兩半,

讓神的臉從中閃現。



But East and West will pinch the heart

That can not keep them pushed apart;


但東西方會掐心房

那不防他們被擴張;



And he whose soul is flatthe sky

Will cave in on him by and by.


凡靈魂扁平者—天

漸地對他塌陷






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《刁觀點》經典集

《中西文化洞見集》 -- 2022版